In order to arrive at an appropriate contract, bridge partners employ specific bidding rules to communicate the strength and suit distribution characteristics of their hand to their partners.
"Standard American" was the label given to the bridge bidding system developed by Charles Goren in the 1940's. This system was the first to employ the point-count method to evaluate the strength of a bridge hand. Most bids had fairly specific requirements regarding hand strength and suit distribution. The Goren point-count system became so popular that nearly all bridge players in the United States, social and tournament players alike, used it. American bridge teams won world championships using Goren's Standard American.
Modifications began to appear from the 1960's foreward. By the year 2000, some completely new bidding systems had evolved, including "Precision" and "2/1 Game Forcing" which, although still relying on point-count rules for hand evaluation, are otherwise substantial departures from the early Goren system. Most tournament pairs now assemble their own system from a variety of new treatments and conventions that have evolved. The nearest thing to a common system in tournament play is the Standard American Yellow Card (SAYC) promulgated by the American Contract Bridge League. SAYC is widely used in internet bridge play, but only rarely in on-site tournament play.
There is no longer a universally recognized standard for social/rubber bridge players. However generally they follow the rules described in Standard American 21, The Rubber Bridge Players Guide for the Twenty-first Century by John Sheridan Thomas. The essential elements of StdAm21 are:
- Five-card majors: opening a major suit promises a five-card suit.
- Weak two openers: Two diamond, heart or spade openers are made with a six-card suit and 6 to 10 high-card points.
- The Two Club Convention: All unbalanced hands too strong to open at the one-level are opened with an artificial 2 club call.
- Pre-emptive openers: All suit openers above the two level are pre-emptive, promising a long suit and 6 to 10 high-card points.
- Notrump openers show a balanced hand, and may contain a five-card minor, with the following point ranges:
- 1 NT = 16 to 18 points
- 2 NT = 21 to 22 points
- Notrump point requirements may include distribution points for a good five-card suit.
- Balanced hands stronger than 22 points are opened using the Two Club Convention.
Opener Approximate Hand Strengths
- 13-15 points: Hands of 13 points or more are strong enough to open the bidding. Follow up with a call that shows a maximum of 15 points (or does not show more than the minimum opening range).
- 16-18 points: A hand in this range is strong enough to open the bidding and bid again freely. This range may be defined accurately by making a reverse bid (forcing) after opening.
- 19 to 20 points: Opener shows this strength by a jump shift or by jumping to 2NT after opening a minor suit. This call is forcing to game. Having such accurate information (the jump shift shows 19 to 20 points,a five-card suit and a four-card suit) responding partner should be able to place the final contract.
- 21+ points: Normally a hand this strong should open at a higher level than one, either a strong 2 club (conventional), or 2NT (21 to 22 points).
Responder Approximate Hand Strengths
- 0-5 points: A hand in this range normally should not bid unless partner shows a very strong hand and makes a forcing bid.
- 6-9 points: This is a minimum response hand. You should always respond (minimally) when partner opens.
- 11-12 points: This is known as invitational strength. A hand in this range should not open the bidding, but holding a good suit may overcall an opponent's bid. When partner opens the bidding, this hand should bid in a manner that is recognized by partner as inviting to game.
- 13 to 16 points: If partner opens and you hold a hand in this range, the partnership has sufficient strength for game in notrump or a major suit (26 points) and you should press on to game whenever a suitable contract can be found.
- 17 to 18 points: If partner opens, you are in a slam invitational range (slam requires 32 points). You may show this strength by a jump-shift response (game-forcing) immediately following partner's opening bid.
- 19+ points: Any time responder has a hand of this strength, he should press on to a slam contract providing a suitable strain can be found. The only requirement below game is to make forcing calls. A new suit by responder is forcing.
References
- Standard American 21 by John Sheridan Thomas
ISBN1412020638