Martin David Kruskal (b. 1925 in New York) is an American mathematician and physicist. He was a student at the University of Chicago and at New York University, where he completed his Ph.D. under Richard Courant in 1952. Kruskal has worked on asymptotics, solitons and surreal numbers. He is a member of the National Academy of Sciences (since 1980) and a 1993 recipient of the National Medal of Science.

Not to be confused with his two brothers Joseph Kruskal (the discoverer of multidimensional scaling and Kruskal's algorithm) and William Kruskal (born 1919; discovered the Kruskal-Wallis one-way analysis of variance).